Gender Differences - Baer - Kaufman.p65
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چکیده
Research on gender differences in creativity, including creativity test scores, creative achievements, and self-reported creativity is reviewed, as are theories that have been offered to explain such differences and available evidence that supports or refutes such theories. This is a difficult arena in which to conduct research, but there is a consistent lack of gender differences both in creativity test scores and in the creative accomplishments of boys and girls (which if anything tend to favor girls). As a result, it is difficult to show how innate gender differences in creativity could possibly explain later differences in creative accomplishment. At the same time, the large difference in the creative achievement of men and women in many fields make blanket environmental explanations inadequate, and the explanations that have been proposed thus far are at best incomplete. A new theoretical framework (the APT model of creativity) is proposed to allow better understanding of what is known about gender differences in creativity.
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An ideal I of a ring R is called right Baer-ideal if there exists an idempotent e 2 R such that r(I) = eR. We know that R is quasi-Baer if every ideal of R is a right Baer-ideal, R is n-generalized right quasi-Baer if for each I E R the ideal In is right Baer-ideal, and R is right principaly quasi-Baer if every principal right ideal of R is a right Baer-ideal. Therefore the concept of Baer idea...
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